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<title>Invidia</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Invidia</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sense. For the American heavy metal musical ensemble, see <a href="Invidia_(band)" title="Invidia (band)">Invidia (band)</a>. For the computer components manufacturer, see <a href="Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>.</div>

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<p>In <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <i><b>invidia</b></i> is the sense of <a href="Envy" title="Envy">envy</a>, a "looking upon" associated with the <a href="Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>, from <i>invidere</i>, "to look against, to look in a hostile manner."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Invidia</i> ("Envy") is one of the <a href="Seven_Deadly_Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Deadly Sins">Seven Deadly Sins</a> in Christian belief.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invidia_and_magic"><i>Invidia</i> and magic</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Fascinus" title="Fascinus">Fascinus</a> and the envious reproductive demons <a href="Abyzou" title="Abyzou">Abyzou</a> and <a href="Gello#Envy" title="Gello">Gello</a>.</div>

<p>The <a href="Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> and <a href="Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">literature</a> of <a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> offer numerous examples of <a href="Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> and <a href="Magic_spell" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic spell">magic spells</a> intended to avert <i>invidia</i> and the evil eye. When a Roman general celebrated a <a href="Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>, the <a href="Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a> suspended a <i><a href="Fascinus" title="Fascinus">fascinus</a></i>, or <a href="Phallus" title="Phallus">phallic</a> effigy, under the <a href="Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> to ward off <i>invidia</i>.

</p><p>Envy is the vice most associated with <a href="Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a> and <a href="Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>. The witch's protruding tongue alludes to <a href="Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s Invidia who has a poisoned tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The witch and Invidia share a significant feature – the <a href="Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a>. The term <i>invidia</i> stems from the Latin <i>invidere</i>, "to look too closely". One type of the aggressive gaze is the "biting eye", often associated with envy, and reflects the ancient belief that envy originates from the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovid feared that a witch who possessed eyes with double pupils would cast a burning fascination over his love affair.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Fascinare</i> means to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bewitch" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:bewitch">bewitch</a>. <a href="Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> in one of his love poems<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jokes nervously about ill wishers who might count the kisses he gives to his beloved and thus be able to "fascinate" the lovers with an evil, envious spell. A shepherd in one of <a href="Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>'s poems<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> looks at his lambs, all skin and bones, and concludes, "some eye or other is bewitching them [<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fascinat" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:fascinat">fascinat</a></i>]" – to which the commentator Servius adds<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[the shepherd] obliquely indicates that he has a handsome flock, since it was worth afflicting with the evil eye [<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fascinari" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:fascinari">fascinari</a></i>]". Any unusual felicity or success was felt to be subject to the unspecific but powerful force of envy [<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/invidia" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:invidia">invidia</a></i>]. That is why everyone from soldiers to infants to triumphing generals needed a <i><a href="Fascinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascinum">fascinum</a></i>, a remedy against the evil eye, an antidote, something that would make the evil wisher look away.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invidia_as_emotion"><i>Invidia</i> as emotion</h2></div>

<p>The experience of <i>invidia</i>, as Robert A. Kaster notes,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is invariably an unpleasant one, whether feeling <i>invidia</i> or finding oneself its object. <i>Invidia</i> at the thought of another's good may be merely begrudging, Kaster observes, or begrudging and covetous at the same time: "I can feel <i>dolor</i> ["pain, sorrow, heartache"] at seeing your good, just because it is your good, period, or I can feel that way because the good is yours and not mine."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such <i>invidia</i> is morally indefensible: compare the <a href="Aesop's_fables" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesop's fables">Aesop fable</a> "<a href="The_Dog_in_the_Manger" title="The Dog in the Manger">The Dog in the Manger</a>". But by far the most common usage in Latin of <i>invidia</i> occurs in contexts where the sense of justice has been offended, and pain is experienced at the sight of <i>undeserved</i> wealth, prestige or authority, exercised without shame (<i>pudor</i>); this is the close parallel with Greek <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nemesis" class="extiw external" title="wikt:nemesis">nemesis</a></i> (νέμεσις).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_literature">Latin literature</h2></div>

<p><i>Invidia</i>, defined as uneasy emotion denied by the shepherd Melipoeus in <a href="Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogue 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In Latin, <i>invidia</i> is the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of <a href="Nemesis_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemesis (mythology)">Nemesis</a> and <a href="Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a>. <i>Invidia</i> can be for literary purposes a goddess and Roman equivalent to Nemesis in <a href="Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> as it received <i><a href="Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cultus</a></i>, notably at her sanctuary around <a href="Rhamnous" title="Rhamnous">Rhamnous</a> north of <a href="Marathon%2C_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon, Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> describes the personification of Invidia at length in the <i><a href="Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> (2.760-832):

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<p>Her face was sickly pale, her whole body lean and wasted, and she squinted horribly; her teeth were discoloured and decayed, her poisonous breast of a greenish hue, and her tongue dripped venom. … Gnawing at others, and being gnawed, she was herself her own torment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegorical_invidia">Allegorical <i>invidia</i></h2></div>

<p>Among <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, <i>Invidia</i> is one of the <a href="Seven_Deadly_Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Deadly Sins">Seven Deadly Sins</a>.

</p><p>In the allegorical <a href="Mythography" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythography">mythography</a> of the <a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the three heads of <a href="Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a> sometimes represent three kinds of <i>invidia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">Late Gothic</a> and Renaissance <a href="Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, <i>Invidia</i> is <a href="Personification" title="Personification">personified</a> invariably as a woman. <a href="Cesare_Ripa" title="Cesare Ripa">Cesare Ripa</a>'s influential <i><a href="Iconologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconologia">Iconologia</a></i> (Rome, 1603) represented <i>Invidia</i> with a <a href="Serpent_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (mythology)">serpent</a> coiled round her breast and biting her heart, "to signify her self-devouring bitterness; she also raises one hand to her mouth to show she cares only for herself". The representational tradition drew on Latin authors such as <a href="Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, and <a href="Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny</a>, as well as <a href="Andrea_Alciato" title="Andrea Alciato">Andrea Alciato</a>'s <a href="Emblem_book" title="Emblem book">emblem book</a> and <a href="Jacopo_Sannazaro" title="Jacopo Sannazaro">Jacopo Sannazaro</a>. Alciato portrayed her devouring her own heart in her anguish.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Invidia</i> is the <a href="Fatal_flaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatal flaw">fatal flaw</a> of <a href="Iago" title="Iago">Iago</a> in <a href="Othello" title="Othello">Shakespeare's <i>Othello</i></a>: "O you are well tuned now; but I'll set down the pegs that make this music." (<i>Othello</i> II.i).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage_of_the_term">Modern usage of the term</h2></div>

<p>The name of the <a href="Nvidia_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvidia Corporation">Nvidia Corporation</a> comes from Invidia in <a href="Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Invidia is also the name of a battle theme in <i><a href="Final_Fantasy_XV" title="Final Fantasy XV">Final Fantasy XV</a></i>.

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<ul><li>(<i>Goddesses of Justice</i>): <a href="Astraea_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astraea (mythology)">Astraea</a>, <a href="Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a>, <a href="Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a>, <a href="Prudentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prudentia">Prudentia</a></li>

<li>(<i>Goddesses of Injustice</i>): <a href="Adikia" title="Adikia">Adikia</a></li>

<li>(<i>Aspects of Justice</i>): (see also: <a href="Triple_deity" title="Triple deity">Triple deity</a>/<a href="Triple_Goddess_(neopaganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple Goddess (neopaganism)">Triple Goddess (neopaganism)</a>)

<ul><li>(<i>Justice</i>) <a href="Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a>/<a href="Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a>/<a href="Justitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Justitia">Justitia</a> (<a href="Lady_Justice" title="Lady Justice">Lady Justice</a>), <a href="Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel (the Angel of Justice)</a></li>

<li>(<i>Retribution</i>) <a href="Nemesis_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemesis (mythology)">Nemesis/Rhamnousia/Rhamnusia</a>/<a href="Adrestia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrestia">Adrasteia</a>/Invidia</li>

<li>(<i>Redemption</i>) <a href="Eleos" title="Eleos">Eleos</a>/<a href="Soteria_(mythology)" title="Soteria (mythology)">Soteria</a>/<a href="Clementia" title="Clementia">Clementia</a>, <a href="Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a>/<a href="Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a> (the Angel of Mercy)</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Latin Dictionary</i>, <i>s.v.</i> "invidere"; Kaster 2002 (see below) p 278 note 4.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the evil eye, see Hans Peter Broedel, The <i>"Malleus Maleficarum"</i> and the Construction of Witchcraft: Theology and Popular Belief (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2003), 23</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid, <i>Amores</i> 1.8.15-16</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>: 7.12</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vergil: <i>Eclogues</i> 3.102-103</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, Commentary on Vergil, <i>Eclogues</i> 3.103</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFrancese2007" class="citation book cs1">Francese, Christopher (2007). <i>Ancient Rome in So Many Words</i>. Hippocrene Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">194–</span>195.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Kaster, "Invidia and the End of Georgics 1" <i>Phoenix</i> <b>56</b>.3/4 (Autumn - Winter, 2002:275-295); Kaster presents a diagrammatic "<a href="Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a>" of the <a href="Behavioral_script" title="Behavioral script">behavioral scripts</a> embodying <i>invidia</i> adducing numerous examples in Latin literature to generate a more nuanced apprehension of the meaning.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaster 2002:281 note 9.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaster 2002:283ff.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Explored in terms of the language of <a href="Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a> and applied to a passage in Virgil's <i>Georgics</i> by Robert A. Kaster, "Invidia and the End of Georgics 1" <i>Phoenix</i> <b>56</b>.3/4 (Autumn - Winter, 2002:275-295).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael B. Hornum, <i>Nemesis, the Roman State and the Games</i> (Brill, 1993), pp. 6, 9–10.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation in Marina Warner, <i>Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form</i> (University of California Press, 1985, 2000), p. 299.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Chance, <i>Medieval Mythography: From Roman North Africa to the School of Chartres, A.D. 433–1177</i> (University Press of Florida, 1994), p. 412.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles Chappell, "Cigoli, Galileo, and Invidia", <i>The Art Bulletin</i> <b>57</b>.1 (March 1975:91-98) p. 97, in the context of an <a href="Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> drawing by <a href="Ludovico_Cigoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludovico Cigoli">Ludovico Cigoli</a>. The expression "Eat your heart out!" may be read as an invitation to <i>invidia</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaster 2002 illustrates the process of <i>invidia</i> with a number of utterances of Iago, "the most fully rounded representative of such <a href="Behavioral_script" title="Behavioral script">scripts</a>" (p. 281).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-roman-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roman_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wccftech.com/nvidias-name-origins-history-roman-mythology/">Nvidia, How The Company Got Its Name & Its Origins In Roman Mythology</a> (accessed 9 October 2016)</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2003/2003-12-28.html/">Peter Aronoff, 2003. (Bryn Mawr Classical Review 20)</a>: Review of David Konstan and Keith Rutter, eds. <i>Envy, Spite and Jealousy: The Rivalrous Emotions in Ancient Greece.</i> (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 2003; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7486-1603-9</bdi>).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Invidia" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Invidia">Invidia</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Invidia" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Invidia"><i>Invidia</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a> and <a href="Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a><br>(<i><a href="Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agenoria_(mythology)" title="Agenoria (mythology)">Agenoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li>

<li><a href="Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li>

<li><a href="Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li>

<li><a href="Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li>

<li><a href="Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li>

<li><a href="Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li>

<li><a href="Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li>

<li><a href="Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li>

<li><a href="Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li>

<li><a href="Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li>

<li><a href="Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li>

<li><a href="Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li>

<li><a href="Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li>

<li><a href="Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li>

<li><a href="Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li>

<li><a href="Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li>

<li><a href="Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li>

<li><a href="Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li>

<li><a href="Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li>

<li><a href="Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li>

<li><a href="Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li>

<li><a href="Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li>

<li><a href="Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li>

<li><a href="Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li>

<li><a href="Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li>

<li><a href="Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonus_Eventus" title="Bonus Eventus">Bonus Eventus</a></li>

<li><a href="Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li>

<li><a href="Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li>

<li><a href="Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li>

<li><a href="Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li>

<li><a href="Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li>

<li><a href="Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li>

<li><a href="Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li>

<li><a href="Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li>

<li><a href="Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li>

<li><a href="Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li>

<li><a href="Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li>

<li><a href="Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li>

<li><a href="Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li>

<li><a href="Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><i><a href="Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br>and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li>

<li><a href="Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li>

<li><a href="Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li>

<li><a href="Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li>

<li><a href="Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a>

<ul><li><a href="Natale_di_Roma" title="Natale di Roma">Natale di Roma</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li>

<li><a href="Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li>

<li><a href="Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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